Mining the Social Web¶

# Downloading nltk packages used in this example
nltk.download('maxent_ne_chunker')
nltk.download('words')

ne_chunks = list(nltk.chunk.ne_chunk_sents(pos_tagged_tokens))
print(ne_chunks)
ne_chunks[0].pprint()

# May also require the installation of Java runtime libraries
# pip install boilerpipe3
from boilerpipe.extract import Extractor

# If you're interested, learn more about how Boilerpipe works by reading
# Christian Kohlschütter's paper: http://www.l3s.de/~kohlschuetter/boilerplate/

URL='https://www.oreilly.com/ideas/ethics-in-data-project-design-its-about-planning'

extractor = Extractor(extractor='ArticleExtractor', url=URL)

print(extractor.getText())

import feedparser # pip install feedparser

FEED_URL='http://feeds.feedburner.com/oreilly/radar/atom'

fp = feedparser.parse(FEED_URL)

for e in fp.entries:
    print(e.title)
    print(e.links[0].href)
    print(e.content[0].value)

import os
import sys
import json
import feedparser
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
from nltk import clean_html

FEED_URL = 'http://feeds.feedburner.com/oreilly/radar/atom'

def cleanHtml(html):
    if html == "": return ""

    return BeautifulSoup(html, 'html5lib').get_text()

fp = feedparser.parse(FEED_URL)

print("Fetched {0} entries from '{1}'".format(len(fp.entries[0].title), fp.feed.title))

blog_posts = []
for e in fp.entries:
    blog_posts.append({'title': e.title, 'content'
                      : cleanHtml(e.content[0].value), 'link': e.links[0].href})

out_file = os.path.join('feed.json')
f = open(out_file, 'w+')
f.write(json.dumps(blog_posts, indent=1))
f.close()

print('Wrote output file to {0}'.format(f.name))

import httplib2
import re
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup

http = httplib2.Http()
status, response = http.request('http://www.nytimes.com')

soup = BeautifulSoup(response, 'html5lib')

links = []
 
for link in soup.findAll('a', attrs={'href': re.compile("^http(s?)://")}):
    links.append(link.get('href'))

for link in links:
    print(link)

text = "Mr. Green killed Colonel Mustard in the study with the candlestick. Mr. Green is not a very nice fellow."
print(text.split("."))

import nltk # Installation instructions: http://www.nltk.org/install.html

# Downloading nltk packages used in this example
nltk.download('punkt')

sentences = nltk.tokenize.sent_tokenize(text)
print(sentences)

harder_example = """My name is John Smith and my email address is j.smith@company.com.
Mostly people call Mr. Smith. But I actually have a Ph.D.!
Can you believe it? Neither can most people..."""

sentences = nltk.tokenize.sent_tokenize(harder_example)
print(sentences)

text = "Mr. Green killed Colonel Mustard in the study with the candlestick. Mr. Green is not a very nice fellow."
sentences = nltk.tokenize.sent_tokenize(text)

tokens = [nltk.word_tokenize(s) for s in sentences]
print(tokens)

# Downloading nltk packages used in this example
nltk.download('maxent_treebank_pos_tagger')

pos_tagged_tokens = [nltk.pos_tag(t) for t in tokens]
print(pos_tagged_tokens)

# Downloading nltk packages used in this example
nltk.download('maxent_ne_chunker')
nltk.download('words')

jim = "Jim bought 300 shares of Acme Corp. in 2006."

tokens = nltk.word_tokenize(jim)
jim_tagged_tokens = nltk.pos_tag(tokens)

ne_chunks = nltk.chunk.ne_chunk(jim_tagged_tokens)

ne_chunks

ne_chunks = [nltk.chunk.ne_chunk(ptt) for ptt in pos_tagged_tokens]

ne_chunks[0].pprint()
ne_chunks[1].pprint()

ne_chunks[0]

ne_chunks[1]

import json
import nltk

BLOG_DATA = "resources/ch06-webpages/feed.json"

blog_data = json.loads(open(BLOG_DATA).read())

# Download nltk packages used in this example
nltk.download('stopwords')

# Customize your list of stopwords as needed. Here, we add common
# punctuation and contraction artifacts.

stop_words = nltk.corpus.stopwords.words('english') + [
    '.',
    ',',
    '--',
    '\'s',
    '?',
    ')',
    '(',
    ':',
    '\'',
    '\'re',
    '"',
    '-',
    '}',
    '{',
    u'—',
    ']',
    '[',
    '...'
    ]

for post in blog_data:
    sentences = nltk.tokenize.sent_tokenize(post['content'])

    words = [w.lower() for sentence in sentences for w in
             nltk.tokenize.word_tokenize(sentence)]

    fdist = nltk.FreqDist(words)

    # Remove stopwords from fdist
    for sw in stop_words:
        del fdist[sw]
   
    # Basic stats

    num_words = sum([i[1] for i in fdist.items()])
    num_unique_words = len(fdist.keys())

    # Hapaxes are words that appear only once
    num_hapaxes = len(fdist.hapaxes())

    top_10_words_sans_stop_words = fdist.most_common(10)

    print(post['title'])
    print('\tNum Sentences:'.ljust(25), len(sentences))
    print('\tNum Words:'.ljust(25), num_words)
    print('\tNum Unique Words:'.ljust(25), num_unique_words)
    print('\tNum Hapaxes:'.ljust(25), num_hapaxes)
    print('\tTop 10 Most Frequent Words (sans stop words):\n\t\t', \
          '\n\t\t'.join(['{0} ({1})'.format(w[0], w[1]) for w in top_10_words_sans_stop_words]))
    print()

import json
import nltk
import numpy

BLOG_DATA = "feed.json"

blog_data = json.loads(open(BLOG_DATA).read())

N = 100  # Number of words to consider
CLUSTER_THRESHOLD = 5  # Distance between words to consider
TOP_SENTENCES = 5  # Number of sentences to return for a "top n" summary

stop_words = nltk.corpus.stopwords.words('english') + [
    '.',
    ',',
    '--',
    '\'s',
    '?',
    ')',
    '(',
    ':',
    '\'',
    '\'re',
    '"',
    '-',
    '}',
    '{',
    u'—',
    '>',
    '<',
    '...'
    ]

# Approach taken from "The Automatic Creation of Literature Abstracts" by H.P. Luhn
def _score_sentences(sentences, important_words):
    scores = []
    sentence_idx = 0

    for s in [nltk.tokenize.word_tokenize(s) for s in sentences]:

        word_idx = []

        # For each word in the word list...
        for w in important_words:
            try:
                # Compute an index for where any important words occur in the sentence.
                word_idx.append(s.index(w))
            except ValueError: # w not in this particular sentence
                pass

        word_idx.sort()

        # It is possible that some sentences may not contain any important words at all.
        if len(word_idx)== 0: continue

        # Using the word index, compute clusters by using a max distance threshold
        # for any two consecutive words.

        clusters = []
        cluster = [word_idx[0]]
        i = 1
        while i < len(word_idx):
            if word_idx[i] - word_idx[i - 1] < CLUSTER_THRESHOLD:
                cluster.append(word_idx[i])
            else:
                clusters.append(cluster[:])
                cluster = [word_idx[i]]
            i += 1
        clusters.append(cluster)

        # Score each cluster. The max score for any given cluster is the score 
        # for the sentence.

        max_cluster_score = 0
        
        for c in clusters:
            significant_words_in_cluster = len(c)
            # true clusters also contain insignificant words, so we get 
            # the total cluster length by checking the indices
            total_words_in_cluster = c[-1] - c[0] + 1
            score = 1.0 * significant_words_in_cluster**2 / total_words_in_cluster

            if score > max_cluster_score:
                max_cluster_score = score

        scores.append((sentence_idx, max_cluster_score))
        sentence_idx += 1

    return scores

def summarize(txt):
    sentences = [s for s in nltk.tokenize.sent_tokenize(txt)]
    normalized_sentences = [s.lower() for s in sentences]

    words = [w.lower() for sentence in normalized_sentences for w in
             nltk.tokenize.word_tokenize(sentence)]

    fdist = nltk.FreqDist(words)
    
    # Remove stopwords from fdist
    for sw in stop_words:
        del fdist[sw]

    top_n_words = [w[0] for w in fdist.most_common(N)]

    scored_sentences = _score_sentences(normalized_sentences, top_n_words)

    # Summarization Approach 1:
    # Filter out nonsignificant sentences by using the average score plus a
    # fraction of the std dev as a filter

    avg = numpy.mean([s[1] for s in scored_sentences])
    std = numpy.std([s[1] for s in scored_sentences])
    mean_scored = [(sent_idx, score) for (sent_idx, score) in scored_sentences
                   if score > avg + 0.5 * std]

    # Summarization Approach 2:
    # Another approach would be to return only the top N ranked sentences

    top_n_scored = sorted(scored_sentences, key=lambda s: s[1])[-TOP_SENTENCES:]
    top_n_scored = sorted(top_n_scored, key=lambda s: s[0])

    # Decorate the post object with summaries

    return dict(top_n_summary=[sentences[idx] for (idx, score) in top_n_scored],
                mean_scored_summary=[sentences[idx] for (idx, score) in mean_scored])

for post in blog_data: 
    post.update(summarize(post['content']))

    print(post['title'])
    print('=' * len(post['title']))
    print()
    print('Top N Summary')
    print('-------------')
    print(' '.join(post['top_n_summary']))
    print()
    print('Mean Scored Summary')
    print('-------------------')
    print(' '.join(post['mean_scored_summary']))
    print()

import os
from IPython.display import IFrame
from IPython.core.display import display

HTML_TEMPLATE = """<html>
    <head>
        <title>{0}</title>
        <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"/>
    </head>
    <body>{1}</body>
</html>"""

for post in blog_data:
   
    # Uses previously defined summarize function.
    post.update(summarize(post['content']))

    # You could also store a version of the full post with key sentences marked up
    # for analysis with simple string replacement...

    for summary_type in ['top_n_summary', 'mean_scored_summary']:
        post[summary_type + '_marked_up'] = '<p>{0}</p>'.format(post['content'])
        
        for s in post[summary_type]:
            post[summary_type + '_marked_up'] = \
            post[summary_type + '_marked_up'].replace(s, '<strong>{0}</strong>'.format(s))

        filename = post['title'].replace("?", "") + '.summary.' + summary_type + '.html'
        
        f = open(os.path.join(filename), 'wb')
        html = HTML_TEMPLATE.format(post['title'] + ' Summary', post[summary_type + '_marked_up'])    
        f.write(html.encode('utf-8'))
        f.close()

        print("Data written to", f.name)

# Display any of these files with an inline frame. This displays the
# last file processed by using the last value of f.name...
print()
print("Displaying {0}:".format(f.name))
display(IFrame('files/{0}'.format(f.name), '100%', '600px'))

import nltk
import json

BLOG_DATA = "feed.json"

blog_data = json.loads(open(BLOG_DATA).read())

for post in blog_data:

    sentences = nltk.tokenize.sent_tokenize(post['content'])
    tokens = [nltk.tokenize.word_tokenize(s) for s in sentences]
    pos_tagged_tokens = [nltk.pos_tag(t) for t in tokens]

    # Flatten the list since we're not using sentence structure
    # and sentences are guaranteed to be separated by a special
    # POS tuple such as ('.', '.')

    pos_tagged_tokens = [token for sent in pos_tagged_tokens for token in sent]

    all_entity_chunks = []
    previous_pos = None
    current_entity_chunk = []
    for (token, pos) in pos_tagged_tokens:

        if pos == previous_pos and pos.startswith('NN'):
            current_entity_chunk.append(token)
        elif pos.startswith('NN'):
            
            if current_entity_chunk != []:
                
                # Note that current_entity_chunk could be a duplicate when appended,
                # so frequency analysis again becomes a consideration

                all_entity_chunks.append((' '.join(current_entity_chunk), pos))
            current_entity_chunk = [token]

        previous_pos = pos

    # Store the chunks as an index for the document
    # and account for frequency while we're at it...

    post['entities'] = {}
    for c in all_entity_chunks:
        post['entities'][c] = post['entities'].get(c, 0) + 1

    # For example, we could display just the title-cased entities

    print(post['title'])
    print('-' * len(post['title']))
    proper_nouns = []
    for (entity, pos) in post['entities']:
        if entity.istitle():
            print('\t{0} ({1})'.format(entity, post['entities'][(entity, pos)]))
    print()

import nltk
import json

BLOG_DATA = "feed.json"

def extract_interactions(txt):
    sentences = nltk.tokenize.sent_tokenize(txt)
    tokens = [nltk.tokenize.word_tokenize(s) for s in sentences]
    pos_tagged_tokens = [nltk.pos_tag(t) for t in tokens]

    entity_interactions = []
    for sentence in pos_tagged_tokens:

        all_entity_chunks = []
        previous_pos = None
        current_entity_chunk = []

        for (token, pos) in sentence:

            if pos == previous_pos and pos.startswith('NN'):
                current_entity_chunk.append(token)
            elif pos.startswith('NN'):
                if current_entity_chunk != []:
                    all_entity_chunks.append((' '.join(current_entity_chunk),
                            pos))
                current_entity_chunk = [token]

            previous_pos = pos

        if len(all_entity_chunks) > 1:
            entity_interactions.append(all_entity_chunks)
        else:
            entity_interactions.append([])

    assert len(entity_interactions) == len(sentences)

    return dict(entity_interactions=entity_interactions,
                sentences=sentences)

blog_data = json.loads(open(BLOG_DATA).read())

# Display selected interactions on a per-sentence basis

for post in blog_data:

    post.update(extract_interactions(post['content']))

    print(post['title'])
    print('-' * len(post['title']))
    for interactions in post['entity_interactions']:
        print('; '.join([i[0] for i in interactions]))
    print()

import os
import json
import nltk
from IPython.display import IFrame
from IPython.core.display import display

BLOG_DATA = "feed.json"

HTML_TEMPLATE = """<html>
    <head>
        <title>{0}</title>
        <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"/>
    </head>
    <body>{1}</body>
</html>"""

blog_data = json.loads(open(BLOG_DATA).read())

for post in blog_data:

    post.update(extract_interactions(post['content']))

    # Display output as markup with entities presented in bold text

    post['markup'] = []

    for sentence_idx in range(len(post['sentences'])):

        s = post['sentences'][sentence_idx]
        for (term, _) in post['entity_interactions'][sentence_idx]:
            s = s.replace(term, '<strong>{0}</strong>'.format(term))

        post['markup'] += [s] 
            
    filename = post['title'].replace("?", "") + '.entity_interactions.html'
    f = open(os.path.join(filename), 'wb')
    html = HTML_TEMPLATE.format(post['title'] + ' Interactions', ' '.join(post['markup']))
    f.write(html.encode('utf-8'))
    f.close()

    print('Data written to', f.name)
    
    # Display any of these files with an inline frame. This displays the
    # last file processed by using the last value of f.name...
    
    print('Displaying {0}:'.format(f.name))
    display(IFrame('files/{0}'.format(f.name), '100%', '600px'))